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More than 80% of land plant species form AMF symbiosis, which can provide additional phosphorus, micronutrients and water to the host plants in exchange for assimilates. Flowering is usually followed by root decay, which increases the contribution of small particulate root fragments and root debris as well as sloughed cells to rhizodeposits 11, 14.Īnother important control of rhizodeposits is the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) 14. The amount of rhizodeposits depends on species, root development, and growth stage. Consequently, the term rhizodeposition should be used in its broad definition 11, including all ions, gases, volatile organic components, exudates, lysates, and secretions released by living roots as well as decaying fine root fragments. However, rhizodeposits not only consist of easily available C and N derived from root exudates, but also of relatively recalcitrant particulate components derived from decaying fine root remains 14. Consequently, the quantification of rhizodeposits improves N balance calculations 13 and C sequestration estimates of crop rotations 11. Plant rhizodeposits represent an essential C and N input into soil 11, 12. Intercropping effects on rhizodeposition and soil microbial properties may also account for yield advantages 10. Intercropping of peas with cereals increases yield stability by reducing weed pressure and diseases 8, but most likely also due to belowground nutrient transfer, e.g., by direct root contact, diffusion of exudates, and mycorrhiza 9. Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) is a common legume partner for intercropping with cereals, particularly spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) 4, 5, spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) 6, oats ( Avena sativa L.) 1, and triticale ( Triticum × Secale) 6, 7. In this case, the cereal component is more competitive for soil inorganic N, forcing the legume crop to rely on nodulation and N 2 fixation 2, 3. N 2 fixation by legumes is an important N input process in many farming systems, which can be improved by intercropping 1. Root exclusion generally changed RD composition from fine root residues towards root exudates. Similar percentages were transferred from mutant P2 to triticale. Approximately 90% of this NdfR was transferred by direct root contact from Frisson to triticale and only 10% by AMF, whereas only 55% of CdfR was transferred to triticale by direct root contact, 40% by AMF and 5% by diffusion. Averaging all transfer path treatments, 6.7% of NdfR and 2.7% of CdfR was transferred from Frisson and P2 to triticale plants. Pea plant-N consisted of 17% N derived from rhizodeposition (NdfR) in treatment ADR but only 8% in the treatments AD and A, independently of pea variety, whereas pea plant-C consisted of 13% C derived from rhizodeposition (CdfR), without pea variety and transfer path treatment effects. Root exclusion generally changed composition of rhizodeposits from fine root residues towards root exudates. Direct root contact resulted in the highest pea rhizodeposition and thus the largest absolute amounts of N and C transfer to triticale. Pea plants were labelled every 14 days with a 13C glucose and 15N urea solution, using the cotton wick technique. Treatment A with a diffusion gap barrier only allowed AMF transfer. Treatment AD with root exclusion enabled AMF and diffusion transfer between peas and triticale.
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Treatment ADR enabled all transfer paths between the two crops. Benetto) plants as intercrop were grown for 105 days. Frisson and P2) and triticale ( Triticum × Secale cv. The objective of the study was to quantify nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) transfer from peas to triticale by (1) direct root contact (= R), (2) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF = A), and (3) diffusion (= D).
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However, knowledge is restricted on the relevance of different nutrient transfer pathways. Intercropping of legumes and cereals is an important management method for improving yield stability, especially in organic farming systems.